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Overview
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment
Atopy
Pets with atopy are allergic to normal substances in the environment, such as
pollens, grasses, trees, weeds, molds, and dust mites. It is primarily seasonal
(e.g. fall and spring), but can be year round if molds and dust mites are a
cause.  
Atopy is an allergic condition that occurs when a pet inhales an offending
allergen. There appears to be a genetic link, although any breed can develop
atopy. Golden Retrievers, Labradors, Dalmations, Bulldogs, Schnauzers,
Pugs, and many terriers are very susceptible.  Symptoms arise during the
season of the offending allergen, but can be year round if the allergen is
present consistently. Clinical signs generally arise around 2 years of age, but
puppies can develop atopy and older pets that have recently moved
environments can be affected.  Symptoms do generally worsen over time.
Pruritus (itching, rubbing, licking) is the hallmark sign, especially if the pet is
licking their paws. The entire body can be affected, even though ears, face,
abdomen, and feet are most common. Skin infections involving bacteria and
yeast will develop as the patient scratches.  Hair loss, redness, scabs, and
thickening/discoloration of the skin will develop. Ear canals will become
malodorous, thickened, and contain black to purulent material. Some
patients even have conjunctivitis.
The best treatment is to test the pet and diagnose which allergens are the
primary problem. This is best done at a dermatologist office with
intradermal skin testing. Once that is performed, immunotherapy
(hyposensitization) is initiated through injections. Response can take 3-6
months (sometimes 12 months), but signs improve in 60-80% of patients.

If testing is not possible, or the patient has very mild, infrequent signs, then
oral medications can be attempted. Steroids are the gold standard, but do
have side effects, and can only be used for short periods of time. All
steroids must be discontinued gradually. Antihistamines can be very helpful
in alleviating pruritus and do not have many side effects except sedation.  
Antihistamines should be used first if the patient is having a mild atopic
season. Atopica is another option-it contains cyclosporine, and is more
expensive than steroids or antihistamines.

Fatty acid supplements can reduce pruritus, along with oatmeal or steroid
shampoos. Topical sprays and ointments can be used if the area the
patient is licking/chewing/scratching is small, and the patient is not allowed
to lick the medication off.

If there is a bacterial or yeast infection present, then antibiotics and yeast
medication will be prescribed. Ear flush and ointment will also be necessary
to treat ear infections.